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Sublimation (psychology) : ウィキペディア英語版
Sublimation (psychology)

In psychology, sublimation is a mature type of defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are unconsciously transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse.
Sigmund Freud believed that sublimation was a sign of maturity (indeed, of civilization), allowing people to function normally in culturally acceptable ways. He defined sublimation as the process of deflecting sexual instincts into acts of higher social valuation, being "an especially conspicuous feature of cultural development; it is what makes it possible for higher psychical activities, scientific, artistic or ideological, to play such an important part in civilised life".〔Sigmund Freud, ‘Civilisation and Its Discontents’ (1930) in The Standard Edition Of ''The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud – The Future of an Illusion, Civilization and its Discontents, and Other Works'', trans. by James Strachey (Hogarth Press; London, 1961), vol. XXI, 79–80〕 Wade and Tavris present a similar view, stating that sublimation is when displacement "serves a higher cultural or socially useful purpose, as in the creation of art or inventions".〔Wade, Carol and Carol Tavris, ''Psychology'', Sixth Edition (Prentice Hall, 2000) 478. ISBN 0-321-04931-4〕
== Origin ==
The first thinker to use the word in a psychological sense was the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.〔Walter Arnold Kaufmann, Nietzsche: philosopher, psychologist, antichrist, Chapter 7, section II, p. 219〕 In the opening section of ''Human, All Too Human'' entitled ‘Of first and last things’, Nietzsche wrote:

There is, strictly speaking, neither unselfish conduct, nor a wholly disinterested point of view. Both are simply sublimations in which the basic element seems almost evaporated and betrays its presence only to the keenest observation. All that we need and that could possibly be given us in the present state of development of the sciences, is a chemistry of the moral, religious, aesthetic conceptions and feeling, as well as of those emotions which we experience in the affairs, great and small, of society and civilization, and which we are sensible of even in solitude. But what if this chemistry established the fact that, even in its domain, the most magnificent results were attained with the basest and most despised ingredients? Would many feel disposed to continue such investigations? Mankind loves to put by the questions of its origin and beginning: must one not be almost inhuman in order to follow the opposite course?〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of Human, All Too Human, by Friedrich Nietzsche. )


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